This fictional scenario illustrates an extreme situation where healthcare professionals are constantly faced with the pain and suffering of other people, and yet, healthcare professionals are mostly able to function even in this highly discomforting environment. Yet the nurse seems insensitive to his pain and continues her work. As she removes the old dressing, the face of the patient writhes in pain, his body stiffens and he moans.
Imagine a hospital ward for burned people, where a nurse comes in to change the dressings of a patient. This innovative and flexible platform provides a unique tool to study and even modulate empathy in a comprehensive and ecological manner in various populations, notably individuals suffering from neurological or psychiatric disorders. We also provide evidence that masking part of an avatar's face (top or bottom half) does not prevent the detection of different levels of pain. Our data show that healthy adults can discriminate different negative emotions, including pain, expressed by avatars at varying intensities. In this article, we provide a detailed description of the components of this innovative platform and validation data from the first phases of development.
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We have developed a unique platform, the Empathy-Enhancing Virtual Evolving Environment (EEVEE), which is built around three main components: (1) different avatars capable of expressing feelings and emotions at various levels based on the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) (2) systems for measuring the physiological responses of the observer (heart and respiration rate, skin conductance, gaze and eye movements, facial expression) and (3) a multimodal interface linking the avatar's behavior to the observer's neurophysiological response. One powerful tool to enhance experimental control over such dynamic social interactions has been the use of avatars in virtual reality (VR) information about an individual in such an interaction can be collected through the analysis of his or her neurophysiological and behavioral responses. The challenge stems partly from the complexity and fluidity of this social process, but also from its covert nature. 3Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec (CRIUSMQ), Université Laval, Québec, QC, CanadaĮmpathy is a multifaceted emotional and mental faculty that is often found to be affected in a great number of psychopathologies, such as schizophrenia, yet it remains very difficult to measure in an ecological context.2Centre for Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.1Faculté des Sciences Sociales, École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
Jackson 1,2,3 *, Pierre-Emmanuel Michon 2,3, Erik Geslin 1, Maxime Carignan 1 and Danny Beaudoin 1
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